Basic General Knowledge For All Exams

1.Dada Bhai Naoroji was the first Indian to became a member of the British Parliament

2.Govt.of India banned the student Islamic movement of India (SIMI)because it had linked with Osama Bin Laden’s a1-Qaeda Group

3.The Salary of member of parliament and higher perks is ehanced from Rs.4000 to 12,000 per month and constituency allowance from Rs.8000 to 10,000 per month and daily allowance of Rs.400 to Rs. 500 for a period of five year

4.Competition bill to replace MRTPC (Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice Act.)

5.Supreme court ruled on August 2,2001 that a public servant convicted in corruption case should not hold office till he was cleared of the charges by a superior court

6.Number of amendments in constitution is 8 till now

7.The terrorist out fit that brought the WTC and destroyed part of Pantagon in Washington is A1-Queda.the network association with Osama Bin Laden

8. ISI-Inter Service Intelligence

9.Durent line boundary between India and Afghanistan

11.Mc Mohan Line:-boundary between India and china

12.Redcliff Line:- boundary between India and Pakistan

13.Palk Strait:- boundary between India and Sri Lanka

14.Prithvi:-Surface to surface missile.It has a range 250km

15.Agni:- Is Surface to surface missile.it has a range1500-2000km

16.Akash:- Is Surface to surface missile.it has a range of 25km

17 Nag: It is an anti tank missile having range of 4km

18.Bank rate is the rate at which the reserve Bank of India gives credit to commercial Banks

19.Amicus Curiae-Lawyer appointment by the court to represent a poor person.it means friend of court

20.C.R.R- Cash Reserve Ratio

21.Medico Legal case-Accidental Case

22.The most important influence of the moon on the earth is the effect on ocean tides

23.Ranthambore:- Ranthambore National park in Rajasthan(410 sq.km)was ones the private tiger reserve of the Maharaja of Jaipur

24.Ghana Bird Sanctuary-Bharatpur Rajasthan

25.Standerd Deduction in income tax-30,000/-

26.Maximum income not liable to tax-50,000/-

27.American’s Robinson Walton(Bill gates)is the richest person in the world

28.Bio terrorism:-It refer to the use of disease causing micro oganism as terroist weapons to cause devastating ipack on the people.for example.Anthrax

29.Public University founded in 1982 at Lahore.After partition in was re-established in India on 1st of October 1947.the University moved to Chandigarh in
1956,vice chancellor of Punjab university is –K.N.Pathak

30.Kapil Dev has been chosen the wisdom Indian cricketer of the century.

31.Akshardham Temple is in Gandhi Nagar (Gujrat

35 people were killed by terrorist )

32.Metro rail Delhi 24 Dec,2002(Shahdra to is Hagari –8.3km)

33.CAG- V.N.Kaul

34.Chairman of SBI-A.K.Purwar

35.Guru Nanak born in Talwandi now called ‘Nankana Sahib’ in 1469 .He died in 1539.Guru was founder of Sikhism

36. Guru Angad Dev- introduced langer system

37. Guru Amar Das- social reformer and discarded sati pratha

38. Guru Ram Das- founded city of Amritsar

40. Guru Arjun Deb- Built GoldenTemple and compiled Aadi Granph or Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Arjun Deb compled Granth Sahib in 1604 with the of bhai
Gurdas Bhalla ji. Guru Arjun Dev was executed by Jahangir on the advice of Chandu Singh. Guru Arjun Dev got the foundation of Harmandir Sahib laid down by a Muslim Faqir main mir.

41.Guru hargobind singh – stared the system of
Akal takht and miri,piri

42.Guru Har Rai

43.Guru Harkishan

44.Guru Teg Bahadur-Guru Teg Bahadur executed by Aurangzeb

45. Guru Gobind Singh –Founder of Khalsa 13th April,1699,Baisakhi, Khalsa means military
brotherhood Zafarnama :- This is Letter written by
Guru Gobind Singh to Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
This letter was written because Aurangzeb was committed many atrocities on people.Guru Gobind Singh asked Aurangzeb to give up the policy at Anandpur Sahib on the 1st Baisakh 13th April,1699 A..D

46.Dasam Granth was compiled by a devoted sikh mani singh after passing away Of Guru Gobind Singh .

47.Guru Ki kashi-Takhat Damdma Sahib. It is famous Gurudwara, Which is situated at Talwandi Sabo. It is called Guru Ki Kashi

48.Guru Ki Wadali – it is Birth place of Guru Hargobind Ji . it is famous Gurudwara of Punjab

49.Banda Bahadur- Was born on 27th October, 1670. His real name was Lachaman Das. Once,
during hunting an arrow of Banda Bahadur stuck a pregnant she deer; Banda Bahadur was greatly pained to see the tragic death of the deer and its two kids. He renounced the world and become a Bairagi. Banda Bahadur adopted the name Madho Das after becoming a Bairagi. Madho Das (Banda Bahadur) met Guru Sahib. He said “I am your Banda (Servant). Thus Madho Das become Banda. Guru Gobind Sahib called him Banda the brave. Thus acquired the name Banda Bahadur

50. Sharomani Gurdawara Prabandhak Committee was established on 15th Nov. 1990, at Akal Takhat Amritsar.

51.Aklis launched a non-movement in 1921 with the aim of –Librating Sikh Guru Gurudwara from Mahants.

52. Article 1 of the constitution of India declares India as a - Union Of State

General Science :
The study of bones is called ostelogy
Total no of bones 206
Smallest bone-Stapes(ear boe)
Longest bone-Femus(Thigh bone)
Strongest bone-Tibia(leg bone)
Total no of muscles-639
Largest grand-liver
Longest gland-thyroid
Longest nerve-Sciatic
Hardest bone-Tooth enamal
Tolal amount of blood in the body is (1/15 of body weight)
Normal body Temperature-98.6F(37C)

Literature:-
53.Creator of Bachittar Natak- Guru Gobind Singh

54.Creator of Jab Sahibh- Guru Gobind Singh

55.Creator of Anand Sahib- Guru Amar Das ji

56.Creator of Sukhmani Sahib –Guru Arjan Dev ji

57. Compiler of Guru Granth Sahib – Guru Arjan Dev ji

58.Writer of Adhi Granth at the time of its compilation of – Bahi Gurdas Bhalla ji

59.Creator of Bani written in Dasam Granth-Guru Gobind singh ji

60.Most famous writer of Qisa Puran Bhagat –Fazal Shah.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his Administration:-
61.Date of Birth of Maharaja Ranjit Singh-Nov.2,1780.

62.Name of the parents of Maharaja Ranjit Singh- Father name:-Maha singh ,Mother name :-Raj Kaur

63.Time of treaty of Amritsar between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and British –25th April,1809

64.Name of the Foreign minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh-Faqir Azizudeen

65.Head of Finance minister at the the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh- Deewan Kaura Mal

66.Most famous prime minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh- Dhian Singh Dogra

67.Meaning of Kankut system started by Maharaja Ranjit Singh- Tax on standing crop in the field

68.’Nazim Adalat’ at the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh state level- Court

69.Capital city of maharaja Ranjit Singh- Lahore

70.First war between Sikh and British – 1845 A.D.

71.Second Anglo Sikh War-1848-1849 A.D.

72. Ranjit Singh (Thein) Dam has been constructed on the river- Ravi

73.Which Dam is built on Beas near Talwara- Pong Dam.

74. Dam built on the river Satluj- Bhakrha Dam

75.The Dusi dam has been constructed on the river Beas

76.The old name of the Amritser –Ramdas nagar

77.Which Guru got constructor Akal Takhat –GuruHargobind Sahib

78The real Granth Sahib has been placed at –Kartarpur

79.Guru Nanak Dav Ji was enlightenment at- Sultan Pur

80.Which Guru built Buraj Baba Atal- Guru Hargobind Sahib

81. The old name Punjab- Sapat Sindhu

82.The Gurudwara situated at present where foundation of Khalsa Panth was laid –Gurudwara Kesgarh Sahib.

83.The other name of Harmandir Sahib is-Darbar Sahib.

84.The Guru;who founded Anandpur Sahib was –Guru Teg Bahadur

85.Bhagat Singh was hanged on-23rd March, 1931

86.Number of district in Punjab-17, Lok Sabha seats-13

87. Highest Gallantry Award-Param Vir Chakra

88.NOBLE PRIZES;-The Honors of Wining the Noble Prizes go to the Following 7 Indians
(i)Rabinder Nath Tagore win the noble prizes from literature in 1913.
(ii)C.V. Raman win the noble prizes from physics in 1930.
(iii)Hargobind Khurana win the noble prizes from medicine in 1968.
(iv)Mother Teresa win the noble price from peace in 1979.
(vi) S. chandrashekher win the noble prize from physics in 1986.
(vii) Prof. Amaritya Sen win the noble prizes from Economics in 1998.
(viii) V.S.Naipal win the noble prizes from Literature in 2001.

90.Highest Gallantry Award- ParamVir Chakra

91.Highest Civilian Award- Bharat Ratana

92.First Olympic Game held at Athens in 1896

93.First Deputy Prime Minister of India-Sardar Patel

94.2nd deputy Prime Minister of India-Morarzi Desai

95. 3hd Deputy Prime Minister of India – Choudhari Charan Singh

96. 5th Deputy Prime Minister of India – Y.V.Chauan.

97.6th Deputy Prime Minister of India –Dev Lal

98. 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India- Lal Krishan Advani

99. AIDS:Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

100.HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

101.AIDS:Is caused by Virus Aids is due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus

102.Classical Dance of India:-
-Manipur of Manipur
-Oddisi of Orissa
-Katha-Kali of Kerala
-Kuchi-Pudi of Andhra Pradesh
-Bharat Natyam of Tamil Nadu
-Kathak of Utter Pradesh
-Bihu of Assam

103.Legal Service Clinic:-A Legal Service Clinic open 24 hours on all days, has been established in Ahemdabad to provide free service of retired high court judge and reputed lawyear.

105.The State of Haryana-:Came into begin on , Nov.1,1966 as result of the re- organizations
of the old Punjab state into two separate seats.It consist of the Hind speaking area of Punjab,secong language status has been given to Punjab(1996)

106.Book and Author:-
-Life Diving
-Ain-I-Akbari -Aourbinbo Ghosh
-Panchtantra -Abdul Fazal
-Mahabharta -Vishnu Sharma
-India wins Freedom -Ved Vyas
-Discovery of India -Maulana Abdul Kalam
-My Experiment with Truth -Gandhi
-Madhushala -Harivansh Rai Bachan
-Prisoner’s Scorapbook -L.K.Advani

107.Sports:-
-Agha Khan Cup -Hockey
-Durant Cup -Football(India)
-Duleep/renjit Trophyre -Cricket
-Santosh Trophy -National Football
-Thomas Cup -World Bedminton(Men)
-Davis Cup -Lawn Tennis

108.Buddhism:
Buddhism was founded by Gautam
Buddha. His Original name was Gautam Siddhartha , A Kashatriya, Boran in 563 B.C at Lumbini in Nepal . He attended enlightenment at Bodhgaya under papal tree.Budha died at the age of 80 years in 483 B.C at Kushinagar (District Utter Pradesh).He gave 8 fold paths to control the desire.1st sermon was delivered by him at Srnarth at Banaras .The Language used by Buddhist people was pali .

Anger management tips: 10 tips to help get your anger under control

10 tips to help get your anger under control

1. Take a 'timeout.' Although it may seem cliche, counting to 10 before reacting really can defuse your temper.
2. Get some space. Take a break from the person you're angry with until your frustrations subside a bit.
3. Once you're calm, express your anger. It's healthy to express your frustration in a nonconfrontational way. Stewing about it can make the situation worse.
4. Get some exercise. Physical activity can provide an outlet for your emotions, especially if you're about to erupt. Go for a brisk walk or a run, swim, lift weights or shoot baskets.
5. Think carefully before you say anything. Otherwise, you're likely to say something you'll regret. It can be helpful to write down what you want to say so that you can stick to the issues. When you're angry, it's easy to get sidetracked.
6. Identify solutions to the situation. Instead of focusing on what made you mad, work with the person who angered you to resolve the issue at hand.
7. Use 'I' statements when describing the problem. This will help you to avoid criticizing or placing blame, which can make the other person angry or resentful — and increase tension. For instance, say, "I'm upset you didn't help with the housework this evening," instead of, "You should have helped with the housework."
8. Don't hold a grudge. If you can forgive the other person, it will help you both. It's unrealistic to expect everyone to behave exactly as you want.
9. Use humor to release tensions. Lightening up can help diffuse tension. Don't use sarcasm, though — it's can hurt feelings and make things worse.
10. Practice relaxation skills. Learning skills to relax and de-stress can also help control your temper when it may flare up. Practice deep-breathing exercises, visualize a relaxing scene, or repeat a calming word or phrase to yourself, such as "Take it easy." Other proven ways to ease anger include listening to music, writing in a journal and doing yoga.

General Information About Alcoholism

Alcoholism is a chronic, progressive, and potentially fatal disease. Once it has developed, the victim loses control over his or her drinking habits, and family and social relationships are greatly disrupted. The cause of alcoholism seems to be the interaction between a possible hereditary predisposition, the effects of ethyl alcohol (the basic ingredient in alcoholic drinks), and the use of alcohol as means of coping with life. There are over 10 million Americans who suffer from alcoholism. Approximately 55 million family members and friends are directly affected by these people. Many health professionals now consider alcoholism to be the largest single medical problem in the U.S.

Question: What are some of the danger signs of alcoholism?

There may be few outward signs during the early stages of alcoholism. The victim may be able to function fairly normally. Some personality changes may be apparent, for example, increasing conflict with family members and an inability to handle stress. Another early symptom is an increase in the amount of alcohol a person needs to drink in order to get the same effect a lesser amount produced in the past. The alcoholic may also experience lapses in memory ("blackouts") and a feeling that a drinking pattern is getting out of control.

In the final stages of alcoholism, the victim, while rarely deriving pleasure from alcohol, is unable to go for very long without a drink. One of the prime symptoms of alcoholism, and the symptom that makes the disease so hard to treat, is denial. The alcoholic is unlikely to admit, either to himself or herself or to others, that a problem with alcohol exists. The chronic drinker will probably attribute alcohol-related problems to some other cause. Family members and friends may also deny the problem by looking the other way when destructive behavior is exhibited. This denial can lead to a worsening, physical and mental condition.

Question: What are some of the problems associated with alcoholism?

Alcoholism is physically destructive, giving rise to many other forms of disease, for example, cancer of the liver, esophagus, colon, stomach, and breast. Chronic alcohol abuse can also lead to hypertension, stroke, heart attack, and brain damage. Pancreas and kidney disease, along with a host of other physical disorders-hepatitis, cirrhosis, esophageal bleeding, blood disorders-may also result from alcoholism.

Alcoholism can also trigger a host of personal problems. Alcoholics may become less productive at work and may eventually lose their jobs. Marriages may not endure the strain, and children may suffer emotionally and sometimes physically from a parent who is an alcoholic. An alcoholic abuser may feel a general sense of loss of control over his or her life.

Question: What about alcoholism treatment programs?

In the past, one of the barriers to successful treatment of alcoholics was the social stigma attached to the disease. People were not only reluctant to admit they had an alcohol problem, they were even less likely to risk social embarrassment by seeking help. In recent years the social stigma has greatly relaxed due in large part to the realization by many Americans that alcoholism is a disease like any other, afflicting millions of people of all ages and all walks of life.

Today, many new and innovative treatment techniques are being used to counteract alcoholism. Some alcoholics may benefit from outpatient or inpatient treatment programs. Occasionally, alcoholics may benefit from pharmacological intervention to treat depression or help maintain sobriety. Medical supervision is usually advisable to treat coincidental medical problems. Advancements in biochemistry are being applied to treat patients through nutritional therapy. This means that vitamins can be used to repair the liver and other damaged body parts. Experimental research is underway to try and diagnose early stage alcoholism, and work in being done to unlock the key to hereditary predisposition to alcoholism.

Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.), has been instrumental in providing the long-term, therapeutic treatment recognized as vital in rehabilitating alcoholics. A.A. is an international fellowship of alcoholics and recovered alcoholics that meets regularly to provide support to members and to share experiences with alcohol. A.A. facilities are listed in local telephone directories, as are numerous self-help support groups that have been set up to help family members of alcoholics.

Educational programs are seen by many as crucial to any satisfactory solution to the problem of alcoholism. Many schools and community organizations have set up programs to alert people (especially young people) to the dangers of alcohol. Legal remedies, like the raising of the drinking age to 21 and the increased enforcement of drunk-driving laws, have also been undertaken in an attempt to limit access to alcohol.

How to Start a Business With No Money

Is it really possible to learn how to start a business with no money? The answer is a resounding yes! As a Start Up Business Consultant, I cannot recount the number of times that I've been asked this very same question. The good news is that starting a business with no money is not only possible -- but extremely smart.

I mean, why would anyone want to incur major debt from a mountain of small business start up loans if they didn't need to -- or rack up high interest credit card debt as a means of cash flow management.   There is a better way - and it's called bootstrapping. 

Let's take a look at three ways in which you can learn how to start a new business without big bank loans.
 
Expert Tip #1:

Start a Business from Home
 
When searching for the best small business to start on a shoestring, a home based business wins hands down. By choosing this option you are eliminating roughly 32% of a traditional businesses' overhead costs. With a home based business, some of these costs may be greatly reduced or eliminated all together. 
 
Consider the savings:

• No office lease payments
• No setting up services with utility companies (and no cash outlay for deposits)
• No fuels costs for commuting to work
• Decreased car insurance rates
• Reduction in child care expenses 

According to a recent study, American companies could add more than $260 Billion to their bottom line profits, if their employees worked from home. There is simply no question that working from home is the smartest option for starting a business with limited resources.
 
Now that we've discussed where to start a business with no money, let's examine the best small business to start on a shoestring.
 
Expert Tip #2:

Find Business Ideas Which Require Little or No Money to Start
 
Choosing the right business opportunity is the key ingredient to learning how to start a business with no money.

After all, not all businesses can be started without money. For example, is is near impossible to start a retail store with no money. Unless you have stockpiled a sizable lump sum, it is very likely that you would need small business start up loans to be successful with a retail business. 
 
It is, however, possible to start a janitorial business with no money. Finding the best business to start without money will require some internet market research. Do your homework and be on the lookout for "too-good-to-be-true" claims of instant wealth.
 
Expert Tip #3:

Find Free Sources of Business Start Up Funding
 
The third and final factor for shoestring start up success is saving money on initial business start up expenses and daily operating costs. Reducing these costs at the business planning stage is essential for the long term profitability and success of any small business. Many budding entrepreneurs don't realize that there are many creative strategies for starting a business without a heavy debt load from small business start up loans, or borrowing from family and friends.
 
Make your dreams of small business ownership a reality. You can learn how to start a business with no money by greatly reducing business start up costs and operating expenses. Eliminate or reduce these start up business costs and you'll discover the secret to starting up on a shoestring.

Shopping on The Internet

Online shopping is simply the process of buying goods and/or services from either a private or public seller in real-time over the Internet. This type of retail is often referred to as the following things: e-shops, e-stores, internet shops, webshops, webstores, or virtual stores. Technically, the process is called Business-to-Consumer (B2C) shopping. Business-to-Business (B2B) buying and selling is purchases made between two businesses.

The first World Wide Web server and browser was created in 1990 and was available for use in 1991 for consumers.

This form of shopping has become extremely popular in recent years. It has been criticized by some for catering to the middle and upper class because in order to shop on the Internet, customers must have computer access and a bank account with a debit card.

In order to find products, shoppers can visit the retailers website directly or they can do a search at a search engine for the product they are looking for. Once the shopper finds a product at a sellers website they complete a checkout process where they supply their delivery and payment information. Some stores let frequent users create a permanent account where they can save their information for future use. Shoppers will usually receive an e-mail confirming their purchase once it is complete.

The most common form of payment for purchases is a credit card, however some online stores allow customers to pay by different means, such as debit card, gift card, money order, wire transfer, billing to mobile phones, and check. Some websites will not allow consumers to pay with international credit cards and some will require both the billing and shipping address to be in the same country.

Once the shopper has paid for their items, goods and services can be delivered in a variety of ways. Digital media like music, movies, and images can be downloaded and other items can be printed or e-mailed, such as gift certificates, coupons, and admission tickets which can be redeemed at the appropriate place. Some items are available for in-store pickup at a nearby location. One of the more common types of product delivery is shipping to the customers address.

There are many advantages to shopping online, one of which is the ease and convenience of being able to shop 24 hours a day from any location with Internet access. Shoppers are provided a full description of products including photos. Some stores even provide supplemental information like how-to guides, demonstrations, instructions, background information, and procedures. Shoppers can almost always exchange or return items if they have a problem. Some items are rated and have customer reviews allowing future shoppers to see what others think of the product. Finally, a big advantage is the extremely large selection that is available and the ability to search for deals with many different vendors.

Canadian online shopping is very popular and there are many sites that offer anything from Dell computers to make-up to cars. There are Canadian online shopping malls that offer a great deal of variety with thousands shops in hundreds of different categories. It doesn't matter where you are in the world, the Internet has what you are looking for.

General Tips in Choosing a Campsite

When you go camping, you would want to take note of a few pointers that could prevent your camping experience from being a negative one. While the perfect camping ground may not be chosen, awareness of the possible dangers helps. Some tips in choosing a site:

• Avoid pitching your tent under a tree. Branches of trees come lose and fall down, so keeping outside the area of the canopy is advisable.

• Take note of watershed areas. Sites too close to rivers or the sea maybe prone to being underwater at other times. High tides could cover the land on a shore line and rain upstream on rivers could cause the banks downstream to overflow

• Look for gentle sloping ground. This allows water to flow instead of getting waterlogged. If you know the porous-level of the ground, that would help too, places like deserts do not soak in the water.

• Pitch tent with entrance facing the prevailing wind direction. Most tents would 'catch' too much wind on its sides, so by reducing the wind force on the tent by taking it from the front, it will reduce the chances of the tent collapsing.

• Make sure ground is neither too hard nor too soft. Hard ground would be bad on the bad (unless you have a mattress) and soft ground makes pegging in difficult. Something inbetween is ideal.

• Don't pitch it on trail. Trails need not be necessarily defined as fixed trails for walking, but could be ground leading from one place to another that has relatively heavy traffic. People going through would disturb you and may trip over your tent.

• Avoid clayish ground. Unless you plan to have a mud bath as one of your activities, you won't find such ground pleasant if it rains

• Avoid pitching your tent near ant nests, bee hives and wasp nests. Be sure to check for these insects as most people don't and suffer as a consequence

• Look out for poisonous plants in the area. These could just as well cause a nasty surprise if you camp there By keeping these tips in mind, you can have a pleasant and safe camping experience.

How to Control Anger

How to control anger...the ways to do it are probably endless. If I were to begin trying to list the ways for you, it would be more than you are willing to see right now. What you will find is that as you spend time looking for ways to control anger you will find out more and more about what you need to know. And once you know what to do you will then see how it is applied to your situation.

On this page we are only considering four out of a multitude of possible things that people do to keep their anger manageable.

Firstly, get into the habit of expressing yourself clearly. This is one of the best things that you can do. Often times it is the people who are passive and do not express themselves clearly who have the big eruptions of anger.

These people tend to have a habit of keeping their wishes down and in situations of disagreement always allow the other person to have their way. They do it for so long until it reaches the point where they have given so much that they start to feel cheated. Then one day someone tries to get them to continue giving and they have had enough of it. The result is that they explode with anger. And it often looks as if the anger they showed was much bigger than the situation had called for. So one way for you to control your anger is to make sure that you are being more assertive.

How to control anger...The second thing to do to make headway with controlling your anger is to spend time learning about and understanding yourself. Look at yourself and be able to tell when you are first starting to get angry. It is when you are first starting to become angry that you want to grab your anger up and control it before it grows too big. It is easier to deal with like this.

Know the situations that make you angry. Then all you need to do to keep anger controlled is to avoid these situations.

A third important thing is you want to make sure that you do not have anger outbursts. Talk to someone about the things that get under your skin.

If there is someone else along with you who understands your point of view there is a better chance that you will not be as angry about a situation than if you were alone.

A fourth thing for you to do is to write about your anger. This is a powerful thing to do, and should not be underestimated.

Getting your annoyances out on paper gives you the ability to step back and look at your situation as if it were happening to someone else. With this view, you will be able to come up with ideas to help that person. The only thing is that person is you, and you can then apply your solutions to the problem you are dealing with.